(i.e.; mentally, physically); in addition, to this assaulted behavior can include, but is not limited to, verbal threats of physical violence.
In Western society partner violence is very common. In the last comprehensive survey on domestic violence, it was estimated that somewhere around 1.5 million women and 830,000 men were victims of intimate violence in the United States. The National CoalitionAgainst Domestic Violence promoted a national power base, in which this group has exerted a good deal of social and legislative pressure to combat the problem of partner violence. The Duluth Model, which is used in Duluth, Minnesota, has been an integrated approach to the problem. That integrated approach was the development of DAIP (The Domestic Abuse Intervention Project). DAIP is a comprehensive community-based program for intervention in domestic abuse cases. It attempts to coordinate the response of the many agencies and practitioners who respond to domestic violence cases in communities.
The DAIP Project involves community organizing and advocacy that examines training programs, policies, procedures and texts—intake forms, report formats, assessments, evaluations, checklists and other materials. The outcome has been a shift in police procedures through tougher protective orders and warrantless arrest. Another integrated approach is psychologist Lenore Walker whose book Terrifying Love is a chilling eye-opening account of her experiences as an expert witness in murder trials of battered/beated victims who have killed their assailants. Her results have been the recognition of a history of abuse and threat becoming a valid part of a legal defense.
With these integrated approaches there has come the system of treating batterers, which in some opinions, has become big-time. Once arrested, batterers are required to go through a variety of different educational programs. However, what is perplexing once these programs are completed there has been a noticeable shift in partner violence from male-to-female to female-to-male. Other studies support this shift particularly when courtship is involved. Even still there are the considering boundaries that are involved in partner violence and they are the Partner Violence Theories.
1). Attachment/Traumatic Bonding – Theory states that disruptions of attachment in early life arouse intense anger, grief, sorrow, and anxiety in the child and diminish the child’s ability to form mutual and trusting relationships as an adult.
2). Coercive Control Theory – Typical brainwashing is a tool such as social and physical
isolation, torture, sleep deprivation, malnourishment, dictating the use of the victim to
significant others are all standard operations of batters to enhance the victim’s dependency on them.
3). Intraindividual Theory – Gives an explanation to the assumption that there is evidence that psychopathology and neurophysiological disorders play a great part in some perpetrators of battering that was previously thought. Personality disorder, attention deficit disorder, psychosis, internal head trauma, and substance abuse have been identified as possible contributing factors that lead to top aggression and rage reactions.
4). Masochism Theory – Which is considered to be a Psychoanalytic Theory, states that erotic enjoyment of pain can be a prevalent trait with partner violence.
5). Sociobiology Theory – Sociobiology proposes that evolutionary adaptations require aggression for survival. Inherited tendencies can be prevalent to aggress against someone who threatens the chances of survival and deductively procreation of a species.
When taking into account the various factors of these theories there are the psychological factors to be aware of between men and woman. Some of these are:
Men in a battering relationship may
a. Be unable to express any emotions except anger.
b. Have unrealistic expectations of their partner
c. Have a lack of self-control.
d. Be characterized as jealous, violent, self-deprecating and aggressive.
e. Be alcohol or drug abusers.
Women in battering relationships
a. Experience a lacked ability to be pleasing to the male species.
b. Have a history of abuse in which they consider themselves a victim and wish to retaliate.
c. Lack personal, physical, educational and financial resources.
d. Not have good communication skills.
e. Be unable to differentiate between sex and love.
With these factors there are the stressors that not only contribute to partner violence but can cause partner violence or even be the main underlying of and for partner violence. Such stressors can include, Geographic Isolation, Social Isolation, Economic Stress, Age, Pregnancy and Medical Problems.
Partner violence has become so common that authorities have organized a system that details what victims or ex-perpetrators should look for in the midst of becoming involved in a relationship; therefore, considering characteristics that might be experienced. These circumstances fall under the Dysphoric (anxious) Borderline, Low-level Antisocial and Generally Violent profile of a batterer consisting of a High Dependency on the relationship, Impulsiveness to possibly want to move to the next level of the relationship without logic, Poor Communication within the relationship to one another, Family-of-Origin Violence some have violence as a way of life through family experiences.
The ideal notions, support systems, programs and services developed due to and for partner violence eventually evolve around the cycle of intervention strategies which is considered to be derived through assessment. The cycle of intervention strategies, which is considerably attached to the Six-Step Model, plays the key component in resolving partner violence. When integrating interventions a worker should adhere close attention to steps 2, 3 and 4 of the six-step model, in doing so, be aware of the ABC’s while administering the Clinical Interview, using the Triage Assessment Form and having a complete awareness, understanding and knowledge of Transcrisis Points and Transcrisis States the cycle of intervention strategies can become a well know and administered process when the six-step model is accurately administered into interventions.
Some victims as well as perpetrators will go through several stages of grief, depression, and terror. Grief can, at one point, be considered normal, but should not exceed the valid time period considered for grieving. Depression comes in many guises. At first the individual could seem lazy; although, they could be trying to regroup physic energy helping them to move past inactivity. Terror can be in the form of a phobias such as Arrehenphoia and Caligynephobia.
Partner violence can come in many shapes and forms. One shape to consider is that of
Court Ship Violence. Court Ship Violence consists of stalking. The definition of stalking used in the NVAW Survey closely resembles the definition of stalking used in a model of Anti-Stalking Codes for States developed by the National Institute of Justice. Stalking which is defined by the NVAW Survey as "A course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written or implied threats, or a combination thereof, that would cause a reasonable person fear - with repeated meaning on two or more occasions.” The model anti-stalking code for states does not require stalkers to make a credible threat of violence against victims, but it does require victims to feel a high level of fear
("fear of bodily harm"). Similarly, the definition of stalking used in the NVAW Survey does not require stalkers to make a credible threat against victims, but it does require victims to feel a high level of fear.
Court Ship Violence. Court Ship Violence consists of stalking. The definition of stalking used in the NVAW Survey closely resembles the definition of stalking used in a model of Anti-Stalking Codes for States developed by the National Institute of Justice. Stalking which is defined by the NVAW Survey as "A course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written or implied threats, or a combination thereof, that would cause a reasonable person fear - with repeated meaning on two or more occasions.” The model anti-stalking code for states does not require stalkers to make a credible threat of violence against victims, but it does require victims to feel a high level of fear
("fear of bodily harm"). Similarly, the definition of stalking used in the NVAW Survey does not require stalkers to make a credible threat against victims, but it does require victims to feel a high level of fear.
In the end there is always the immediate demand for counseling, group participation and the continued addressing of specific issues treatment and relapse prevention this is considered to be Follow-Up Care. Follow-up care is a continuous ongoing process as long as the perpetrator or the victim continues to suffer. Follow-up care will prevent the victim or perpetrator from continuing seeing partner violence as a way of life.
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